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The University of Minnesota runs a number of studies involving non-human primates, most notably research into drug addiction. The studies have attracted the attention of local and national animal rights groups, most especially the drug addiction studies of Marilyn Carroll, which she performs on primates, rats, and mice. ==Drug addiction== Non-human primates are used by the university to research the effects of drug addiction. The studies are led by Marilyn Carroll, a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience. As of October 2000, Carroll's laboratory was using 34 rhesus monkeys in these studies, according to a meeting of the university's Social Concerns Committee,〔("Minutes of the Social Concerns Committee" ), University of Minnesota, October 2, 2000.〕 a figure confirmed in a May 15, 2006 census obtained by the Minnesota Primate Freedom Project, a chapter of the national Primate Freedom Project.〔(May 15, 2006 inventory of non-human primates ), Minnesota Primate Freedom Project.〕 Carroll has received $8,888,593 in grants for her work from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) since 1996.〔(CRISP-ER Basic Search for ) Name:Carroll, Marilyn. Grant type:All types. All NIH/NIAID Grants: All NIH. Fiscal years:1996-2007.〕 Carroll's research involves training monkeys and rats — for example by restricting food intake〔Carroll, M.E., Campbell, U.C., and Heideman, P. Ketaconazole Suppresses Food Restriction-Induced Increases in Heroin Self-Administration in Rats: Sex Differences. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9, pp. 307-316, 2001, cited in ("Women and Gender Differences Research: Director's Report to Council" ), National Institute on Drug Abuse, May 2002.〕 — to self-administer drugs that humans misuse. In the experiments, the animals drink alcohol, smoke, and are given cocaine, heroin, caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol intravenously (only rats self-administer intravenously).〔Joel Sawyer. ("Professor tests animals despite threats" ), ''The Minnesota Daily'', July 16, 1996.〕 She writes that "several phases of the addiction process are modeled, such as acquisition, maintenance, withdrawal, craving, and relapse."〔 Her work has shown that antidepressants and behavioral or environmental changes, such as adding sweet-tasting drinking solutions, reduce the self-administration of drugs in laboratory animals.〔 Other changes, such as limiting food intake, led to increased drug administration.〔("Effects of menstrual cycle phase on the reinforcing effects of phencyclidine (PCP) in rhesus monkeys" ), Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 November; 85(3): 584–591; and ("Effects of Bremazocine on Self-Administration of Smoked Cocaine Base and Orally Delivered Ethanol, Phencyclidine, Saccharin, and Food in Rhesus Monkeys: A Behavioral Economic Analysis" ), ASPET, Vol. 301, Issue 3, 993-1002, June 2002.〕 Carroll's work has also demonstrated that primates will become upset and mutilate themselves when forced to smoke cocaine; she notes in a publication: "Monkey M-V became very agitated and excitable when smoking cocaine. M-V’s state became more severe and incidents of self-mutilatory behavior occurred, specifically biting the upper leg area () One monkey showed considerable aggressive, self-mutilatory behavior during this time, throwing itself against the sides and top of its cage. As a result, it developed sinusitis and skin infections.〔http://www.kinshipcircle.org/fact_sheets/VivisectionHallOfShame.pdf〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「University of Minnesota primate research」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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